Biochemical assessment of physical training: a tool to sports dietitians-nutritionists
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14306/renhyd.17.2.14Keywords:
Nutrition status, Athletic performance, Nutritive value, Biological markersAbstract
The high demand in athletes creates the need to control the process of adaptation to training. The aim of this review is to analyze the biochemical parameters of utility for biological control of the athlete, and provide tools to sports dietitian-nutritionist in the follow-up of the training.
Glucose and lipid profile parameters are widely used but insufficient to control training. The lactic acid level in the plasma is the most common tool to assess training load, where values higher than 4 mmol/l, suggest an intensive training. Other enzymes in high concentrations such as creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and two transaminases: glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) or aspartate transaminase (AST) or aspartate aminotransferase (AAT) and glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) or alanine transaminase or aminotransferase (ALT) suggest that the training load was high producing microscopic tearing of the muscle fibers. Determination of other substrates such as ammonia, glutamine, or testosterone/cortisol ratio, used to detect a possible overtraining syndrome. Likewise the latest research suggest that high cortisol levels decrease the immune system.
Moreover, an increase of urea, alanine or ketone bodies are related to muscle glycogen stores depleted. Therefore, the information provided by these parameters is useful for the sports dietitian-nutritionist for dietary and nutritional interventions to achieve more effective in function of the training goals.
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