Influence of low energy availability and negative energy balance on exercise-induced inflammation and sexual hormones changes of athletes: A systematic review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14306/renhyd.25.S1.1175Keywords:
Athletes, Exercise, Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport, Energy Metabolism, Inflammation, Hormones, Gonadal Steroid Hormones, inflammatory responseAbstract
Introduction: The aim of this study was to examine differences between negative energy balance (EB) or low energy availability (EA) on athletes' exercise-induced inflammation (EII) and sexual hormone changes (SHC), and according to participants' sports experience.
Material and methods: Data sources: Medline, Science Direct, SciELO, ProQuest, and EBSCOhost databases were searched for articles published between 1986 and 2020. Study selection: Articles were included if they were carried out with healthy adult athletes of different levels of sports experience, in which the association of negative EB and low EA with SHC and with EII was evaluated. Study Appraisal and Synthesis: Of 198 records identified, 61 studies were assessed, and 26 documents met the inclusion criteria.
Results: Similar associations between EB and EA (directly measured) with basal concentrations of testosterone, TNF-α, and amenorrhea's presence, but not with estradiol and IL-6, were obtained. EA (directly measured), compared to low EA surrogates, was associated with SHC in fewer studies (6 versus 11). At rest, highly trained athletes with low EB or low EA, compared to their counterparts with an adequate energy intake, showed lower levels of LH and estradiol, but not of progesterone and IL-6; although inconsistent results of testosterone, FSH, TNF-α, and amenorrhea's presence.
Conclusions: The methodology for evaluating or interpreting EB or EA and biomarkers seems to determine differences between the studies' results. Sports experience may influence EII or SHC of athletes with low EA or negative EB.
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