Suplementación en gestantes con ácido docosahexaenoico y su efecto en los procesos cognitivos infantiles: revisión sistemática
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14306/renhyd.23.3.637Palabras clave:
Ácidos Grasos, Fenómenos Fisiológicos Nutricionales del Lactante, Mujeres Embarazadas, Procesos Mentales, Revisión.Resumen
Introducción: El ácido docosahexaenoico (DHA) se deposita en regiones cerebrales e interviene en la funcionalidad neuronal. Debido a esta importante participación se considera medular en el desarrollo del sistema nervioso central. El objetivo fue analizar los resultados de estudios sobre la influencia de la suplementación con ácido docosahexaenoico en gestantes sobre los procesos cognitivos de sus hijos.Material y Métodos: Revisión sistemática de ensayos controlados aleatorizados con suplementación con DHA en embarazadas considerando los lineamientos del grupo Cochrane. Se buscaron artículos en MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus y la Biblioteca Cochrane desde enero del 2003 a mayo 2018. Se eligieron estudios que compararon los efectos de la suplementación en embarazadas con los del placebo respecto a evaluaciones de los procesos cognitivos. Se evaluó el riesgo de sesgo de los mismos con la herramienta de colaboración Cochrane.
Resultados: Se hallaron 147 artículos científicos eligiéndose 10 que tuvieron como características metodológicas el ser de doble ciego aleatorizados. Los estudios involucraron 4506 gestantes entre las 15 y 21 semanas y 2045 niños. La suplementación se dió entre la semana quince y los tres meses después del parto. Los niños fueron evaluados desde el año y medio hasta los cuatro años. Se utilizaron seis instrumentos y dos baterías de ejecución para medir 19 procesos cognitivos. Solamente dos de los estudios reportaron diferencias significativas entre los sujetos del grupo control y experimental. Debido a la heterogeneidad entre los estudios en relación a los tamaños muestrales, las dosis y a la forma de medir la variable de interés no fue posible realizar metaanálisis.
Conclusiones: Resulta insuficiente la evidencia científica para afirmar o negar un efecto positivo de la suplementación temprana con DHA en los procesos cognitivos infantiles. La recomendación del uso de suplementos con DHA durante el período gestacional para favorecerlos no se encuentra justificada.
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