Estado actual del conocimiento sobre el cuidado nutricional de la mujer embarazada
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14306/renhyd.18.4.113Palabras clave:
Embarazo, Estado Nutricional, Soporte nutricional, Fisiología de la nutrición materna, Nutrición materna, Cuidado prenatalResumen
El embarazo implica una importante actividad anabólica que determina un aumento de las necesidades nutricionales con relación al periodo preconcepcional. El presente trabajo se propone revisar los conocimientos actuales sobre las necesidades energéticas, de macro y micronutrientes durante la gestación, así como también los lineamientos para abordar los trastornos gastrointestinales frecuentes durante el embarazo, la problemática de pica y la valoración antropométrica para asegurar una ganancia de peso óptima. La mayoría de los nutrientes requeridos por la gestación pueden ser proporcionados por una alimentación completa y balanceada. Actualmente la evidencia científica demuestra que la suplementación rutinaria con hierro y ácido fólico durante la gestación, constituye una práctica que previene la anemia ferropénica, los trastornos del tubo neural y los nacimientos pretérmino. La suplementación intermitente puede ser una alternativa igualmente eficaz. Cuando la alimentación no garantiza un aporte adecuado también pueden ser necesarios suplementos de yodo, vitamina B12 y vitamina D. La valoración antropométrica mediante el patrón de ganancia de peso debiera estar presente en cada consulta del control prenatal para evitar complicaciones maternas y fetales. En situaciones donde el peso materno no se puede valorar, la circunferencia muscular del brazo es una alternativa posible para realizar una evaluación general ya que se correlaciona de manera adecuada con el aumento de peso materno. Las mediciones de los pliegues cutáneos del bíceps, tríceps y subescapular constituyen otra alternativa que resulta de utilidad para evaluar los depósitos grasos y su localización, en forma complementaria a la ganancia de peso corporal.
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