Actualización clínica del síndrome metabólico
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14306/renhyd.21.4.392Palabras clave:
Síndrome Metabólico, Obesidad, Prevalencia, Hiperglucemia, Inflamación, Dieta, Enfermedades Cardiovasculares.Resumen
El síndrome metabólico ha sido identificado como un problema global debido a que afecta a una gran cantidad de personas. Numerosos factores están involucrados en su aparición y desarrollo. Se ha descrito que el síndrome metabólico tiene consecuencias negativas en la salud. Consecuentemente, numerosos tratamientos han sido propuestos para paliar el síndrome metabólico como fármacos, cirugías o cambios en el estilo de vida donde los hábitos nutricionales serían un importante elemento en el control del síndrome metabólico. El presente estudio revisa la literatura existente sobre la epidemiología del síndrome metabólico, los componentes involucrados en su aparición y progresión, las consecuencias clínicas del mismo y las estrategias nutricionales utilizadas en su remisión. Se llevó a cabo una búsqueda bibliográfica en Pubmed y Medline con objeto de identificar estudios elegibles. Se obtuvo que el síndrome metabólico está presente en población tanto de países desarrollados como de países en vías de desarrollo. Factores medioambientales y genéticos están involucrados en su desarrollo. Su padecimiento incrementa de forma exponencial el riesgo de padecer enfermedad cardiovascular, determinados tipos de cánceres, diabetes mellitus tipo 2, anomalías del sueño, etc. Las estrategias nutricionales jugarían un papel esencial en la prevención, tratamiento y recuperación del síndrome metabólico.
Citas
(1) World Health Organization, Department of Noncommunicable Disease Surveillance. Definition, diagnosis, and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications: report of a WHO consultation. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1999.
(2) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. Executive Summary of The Third Report of The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, And Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol In Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA. 2001;285(19):2486-97.
(3) Panagiotakos DB, Polychronopoulos E. The role of Mediterranean diet in the epidemiology of metabolic syndrome; converting epidemiology to clinical practice. Lipids Health Dis. 2005;4:7.
(4) Pais R, Silaghi H, Silaghi A-C, Rusu M-L, Dumitrascu D-L. Metabolic syndrome and risk of subsequent colorectal cancer. World J Gastroenterol. 2009;15(41):5141-8.
(5) Sénéchal M, Bouchard DR, Dionne IJ, Brochu M. Lifestyle habits and physical capacity in patients with moderate or severe metabolic syndrome. Metab Syndr Relat Disord. 2012;10(3):232-40.
(6) Schultz AB, Edington DW. Metabolic syndrome in a workplace: prevalence, co-morbidities, and economic impact. Metab Syndr Relat Disord. 2009;7(5):459-68.
(7) Fernández-Bergés D, Cabrera de León A, Sanz H, Elosua R, Guembe MJ, Alzamora M, et al. Metabolic syndrome in Spain: prevalence and coronary risk associated with harmonized definition and WHO proposal. DARIOS study. Rev Esp Cardiol (Engl Ed). 2012;65(3):241-8.
(8) Vosátková M, Ceřovská J, Zamrazilová H, Hoskovcová P, Dvořáková M, Zamrazil V. Prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome in adult population of selected regions of the Czech Republic. Relation to eating habits and smoking. Prague Med Rep. 2012;113(3):206-16.
(9) Lee MH, Kim HC, Thomas GN, Ahn SV, Hur NW, Choi DP, et al. Familial concordance of metabolic syndrome in Korean population--Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2011;93(3):430-6.
(10) Song Q-B, Zhao Y, Liu Y-Q, Zhang J, Xin S-J, Dong G-H. Sex difference in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular-related risk factors in urban adults from 33 communities of China: The CHPSNE study. Diab Vasc Dis Res. 2015;12(3):189-98.
(11) Ajayi EA, Ajayi OA, Adeoti OA. Metabolic syndrome: prevalence and association with electrocardiographic abnormalities in Nigerian hypertensive patients. Metab Syndr Relat Disord. 2014;12(8):437-42.
(12) Turi BC, Codogno JS, Fernandes RA, Monteiro HL, Turi BC, Codogno JS, et al. Low levels of physical activity and metabolic syndrome: cross-sectional study in the Brazilian public health system. Ciênc saúde coletiva. 2016;21(4):1043-50.
(13) Granfeldt G, Ibarra J, Mosso C, Muñoz S, Carrillo KS, Zapata D. Capacidad predictiva de los índices antropométricos en la detección de Síndrome Metabólico en adultos chilenos. Arch Latinoam Nutr. 2015;65(3):152-7.
(14) Mora G, Salguedo G, Ruíz M, Ramos E, Alario A, Fortich A, et al. Concordancia entre cinco definiciones de síndrome metabólico. Cartagena, Colombia. Rev Esp Salud Publica. 2012;86(3):301-11.
(15) Bahrani R, Chan YM, Khor GL, Rahman HA, Esmailzadeh A, Wong TW. The relationship between metabolic syndrome and its components with socio-economic status among adolescents in Shiraz, southern Iran. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2016;47(2):263-76.
(16) Rerksuppaphol S, Rerksuppaphol L. Metabolic Syndrome in Obese Thai Children: Defined Using Modified «The National Cholesterol Education Program/Adult Treatment Panel III» Criteria. J Med Assoc Thai. 2015;98 Suppl 10:S88-95.
(17) Philco P, Serón P, Muñoz S, Navia P, Lanas F. Factores asociados a síndrome metabólico en la comuna de Temuco, Chile. Rev Med Chil. 2012;140(3):334-9.
(18) Kuk JL, Ardern CI. Age and sex differences in the clustering of metabolic syndrome factors: association with mortality risk. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(11):2457-61.
(19) Sheu WH-H, Chuang S-Y, Lee W-J, Tsai S-T, Chou P, Chen C-H. Predictors of incident diabetes, metabolic syndrome in middle-aged adults: a 10-year follow-up study from Kinmen, Taiwan. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2006;74(2):162-8.
(20) Alnory A, Gad H, Hegazy G, Shaker O. The association of vaspin rs2236242 and leptin rs7799039 polymorphism with metabolic syndrome in Egyptian women. Turk J Med Sci. 2016;46(5):1335-40.
(21) Hotta K, Kitamoto T, Kitamoto A, Mizusawa S, Matsuo T, Nakata Y, et al. Association of variations in the FTO, SCG3 and MTMR9 genes with metabolic syndrome in a Japanese population. J Hum Genet. 2011;56(9):647-51.
(22) Zhao X, Xi B, Shen Y, Wu L, Hou D, Cheng H, et al. An obesity genetic risk score is associated with metabolic syndrome in Chinese children. Gene. 2014;535(2):299-302.
(23) Mazidi M, Rezaie P, Kengne AP, Mobarhan MG, Ferns GA. Gut microbiome and metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2016;10(2 Suppl 1):S150-157.
(24) Hunter I, Soler A, Joseph G, Hutcheson B, Bradford C, Zhang FF, et al. Cardiovascular function in male and female JCR:LA-cp rats: effect of high-fat/high-sucrose diet. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2017;312(4):H742-51.
(25) Nettleton JA, Lutsey PL, Wang Y, Lima JA, Michos ED, Jacobs DR. Diet soda intake and risk of incident metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Diabetes Care. 2009;32(4):688-94.
(26) Pan Y, Pratt CA. Metabolic syndrome and its association with diet and physical activity in US adolescents. J Am Diet Assoc. 2008;108(2):276-286; discussion 286.
(27) Campos D, Hernández-Torres JJ, Agil A, Comino M, López JC, Macías V, et al. Analysis of food advertising to children on Spanish television: probing exposure to television marketing. Arch Med Sci. 2016;12(4):799-807.
(28) DuBose KD, Eisenmann JC, Donnelly JE. Aerobic fitness attenuates the metabolic syndrome score in normal-weight, at-risk-for-overweight, and overweight children. Pediatrics. 2007;120(5):e1262-1268.
(29) Pitsavos C, Panagiotakos D, Weinem M, Stefanadis C. Diet, exercise and the metabolic syndrome. Rev Diabet Stud. 2006;3(3):118-26.
(30) Gobato AO, Vasques ACJ, Zambon MP, Barros Filho A de A, Hessel G. Metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance in obese adolescents. Rev Paul Pediatr. 2014;32(1):55-62.
(31) Koster A, Stenholm S, Alley DE, Kim LJ, Simonsick EM, Kanaya AM, et al. Body fat distribution and inflammation among obese older adults with and without metabolic syndrome. Obesity. 2010;18(12):2354-61.
(32) Harding J, Sooriyakumaran M, Anstey KJ, Adams R, Balkau B, Briffa T, et al. The metabolic syndrome and cancer: Is the metabolic syndrome useful for predicting cancer risk above and beyond its individual components? Diabetes Metab. 2015;41(6):463-9.
(33) Bjørge T, Lukanova A, Jonsson H, Tretli S, Ulmer H, Manjer J, et al. Metabolic syndrome and breast cancer in the me-can (metabolic syndrome and cancer) project. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2010;19(7):1737-45.
(34) Porto LAM, Lora KJB, Soares JCM, Costa LOBF. Metabolic syndrome is an independent risk factor for breast cancer. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2011;284(5):1271-6.
(35) Micucci C, Valli D, Matacchione G, Catalano A. Current perspectives between metabolic syndrome and cancer. Oncotarget. 2016;7(25):38959-72.
(36) Cowey S, Hardy RW. The metabolic syndrome: A high-risk state for cancer? Am J Pathol. 2006;169(5):1505-22.
(37) Guo Y, Niu K, Momma H, Kobayashi Y, Chujo M, Otomo A, et al. Irritable bowel syndrome is positively related to metabolic syndrome: a population-based cross-sectional study. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(11):e112289.
(38) Watanabe H, Obata H, Watanabe T, Sasaki S, Nagai K, Aizawa Y. Metabolic syndrome and risk of development of chronic kidney disease: the Niigata preventive medicine study. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2010;26(1):26-32.
(39) Akman T, Binbay M, Erbin A, Tepeler A, Sari E, Kucuktopcu O, et al. The impact of metabolic syndrome on long-term outcomes of percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). BJU Int. 2012;110(11 Pt C):E1079-1083.
(40) Udenze I, Nnaji I, Oshodi T. Thyroid function in adult Nigerians with metabolic syndrome. Pan Afr Med J. 2014;18:352.
(41) De Leo V, Musacchio MC, Palermo V, Di Sabatino A, Morgante G, Petraglia F. Polycystic ovary syndrome and metabolic comorbidities: therapeutic options. Drugs Today. 2009;45(10):763-75.
(42) Tadic M, Ivanovic B, Cuspidi C. What do we currently know about metabolic syndrome and atrial fibrillation? Clin Cardiol. 2013;36(11):654-62.
(43) Rejeb J, Omezzine A, Boumaiza I, Rebhi L, Kalboussi N, Laouini A, et al. Metabolic syndrome is a risk factor for coronary artery disease in a tunisian population. Metab Syndr Relat Disord. 2010;8(2):105-12.
(44) De Flines J, Scheen AJ. Management of metabolic syndrome and associated cardiovascular risk factors. Acta Gastroenterol Belg. 2010;73(2):261-6.
(45) Babić D, Maslov B, Martinac M, Nikolić K, Uzun S, Kozumplik O. Bipolar disorder and metabolic syndrome: comorbidity or side effects of treatment of bipolar disorder. Psychiatr Danub. 2010;22(1):75-8.
(46) Viscogliosi G, Andreozzi P, Chiriac IM, Cipriani E, Servello A, Ettorre E, et al. Screening cognition in the elderly with metabolic syndrome. Metab Syndr Relat Disord. 2012;10(5):358-62.
(47) Farooqui AA, Farooqui T, Panza F, Frisardi V. Metabolic syndrome as a risk factor for neurological disorders. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2012;69(5):741-62.
(48) Sasanabe R, Banno K, Otake K, Hasegawa R, Usui K, Morita M, et al. Metabolic syndrome in Japanese patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Hypertens Res. 2006;29(5):315-22.
(49) Takahashi H, Iizuka H. Psoriasis and metabolic syndrome. J Dermatol. 2012;39(3):212-8.
(50) Mikhail N. The metabolic syndrome: insulin resistance. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2009;11(2):156-8.
(51) Chen J, Gu D, Huang J, Rao DC, Jaquish CE, Hixson JE, et al. Metabolic syndrome and salt sensitivity of blood pressure in non-diabetic people in China: a dietary intervention study. Lancet. 2009;373(9666):829-35.
(52) Hoffmann IS, Cubeddu LX. Increased blood pressure reactivity to dietary salt in patients with the metabolic syndrome. J Hum Hypertens. 2007;21(6):438-44.
(53) Leão LSC de S, de Moraes MM, de Carvalho GX, Koifman RJ. Nutritional interventions in metabolic syndrome: a systematic review. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2011;97(3):260-5.
(54) Anderssen SA, Carroll S, Urdal P, Holme I. Combined diet and exercise intervention reverses the metabolic syndrome in middle-aged males: results from the Oslo Diet and Exercise Study. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2007;17(6):687-95.
(55) Baxter AJ, Coyne T, McClintock C. Dietary patterns and metabolic syndrome--a review of epidemiologic evidence. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2006;15(2):134-42.
(56) Turner-McGrievy G, Harris M. Key elements of plant-based diets associated with reduced risk of metabolic syndrome. Curr Diab Rep. 2014;14(9):524.
(57) Esposito K, Giugliano D. Mediterranean diet and the metabolic syndrome: the end of the beginning. Metab Syndr Relat Disord. 2010;8(3):197-200.
(58) Veissi M, Anari R, Amani R, Shahbazian H, Latifi SM. Mediterranean diet and metabolic syndrome prevalence in type 2 diabetes patients in Ahvaz, southwest of Iran. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2016;10(2 Suppl 1):S26-29.
(59) Flechtner-Mors M, Boehm BO, Wittmann R, Thoma U, Ditschuneit HH. Enhanced weight loss with protein-enriched meal replacements in subjects with the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2010;26(5):393-405.
(60) Klemsdal TO, Holme I, Nerland H, Pedersen TR, Tonstad S. Effects of a low glycemic load diet versus a low-fat diet in subjects with and without the metabolic syndrome. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2010;20(3):195-201.
(61) Esposito K, Ciotola M, Giugliano D. Mediterranean diet and the metabolic syndrome. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2007;51(10):1268-74.
Esta revista ha conseguido la validación para ser 